Friday, March 20, 2020

Mega Lithic Reduction, Mega Blades

Other stage analyses have focused on specific end products or specific knapping strategies. Biface reduction was analyzed by Errett Callahan (1979)  in terms of seven stages: obtaining the blank, initial edging, primary thinning, secondary thinning, shaping to preform, finishing, and reworking/rejuvenation. Diagnostics for the stages were based on the cross-sectional shape of the tool, its width-to-thickness ratio, and its flake scar pattern. Less detailed stage distinctions were proposed for the associated debitage: indicators of relatively early-stage work included cortex, simple dorsal scar morphology, remnants of ventral flake bulbs on dorsal surfaces, and single-faceted platforms."

"Stage 1- obtaining the blank: Obtaining the raw lithic material
Obtain a blank {unmodified} piece of raw material. A blank -may be a spall-, irregular chunk, or any other form suitable for the end product. Action may vary from simply picking up a suitable piece to systematic flaking of a suitable spall from a core. Edges may vary from thin and sharp to thick and squared.
 Edging. Shape is irrelevant.
Stage 2 rough out: Create a circumferential, roughly centered edge which is neither too sharp nor too blunt {ideally between about 55-75}. Work should focus on the zone with little or no attention being paid to the central zone, cross-section, or shape. Shape and width-thickness ratios may vary in the extreme.  The edge should end up being roughly centered and bi-convex, without such concavities, convexities, steps, squared edges, or other irregularities as would hinder successful execution in the next stage.



"

Stage 3- primary thinning preform:  Create a symmetrical hand axe-like outline with generous ' lenticular cross-sections and a straight and  centered , bi-convex edge. Width-thickness ratios should fall between roughly 3.00 and 4.00 while edge-angles should fall between  about 40- 60 degrees.  Focus on the middle zone without losing control of the outer zone . Principal flakes should generally just contact or  overlap in the middle zone, except on thin pieces, and be without such concavities, convexities , steps, or other irregularities as would hinder  successful execution in the next stage.
Stage 4- secondary thinning preform: Create a symmetrical outline with flattened, lenticular cross-sections and a straight and centered, bi-convex edge. Thickness should gradually diminish during reduction so that width-thickness ratios end up falling between roughly 4.00 and 5.00 or more. Edge-angles should fall between about  25 and 45 degrees. Focus on the middle zone without losing control of the outer zone.  Principle flakes should generally overlap, often considerably, in the middle zone. Generalization of the final shape may start now and pattern flake removals may be implemented. The resultant piece should be without significant concavities, steps, or irregularities as would hinder successful execution in the next stage.

Stage 5- shaping: Final preform: Create a symmetrical, more-or-less parallel-sided outline (if final shape is to be parallel-sided) of specific shape, with appropriately flattened, lenticular cross-sections, and a straight and centered, bi-convex edge. The outline and thickness should be within one set of principal flake removals from the final product (i.e., with about 2-4 mm at either edge.) Pattern flake removals may be employed, with flake terminations being feathered. Principal flake scars in the middle zone may or may not overlap those of the previous stage. Width-thickness ratios and edge-angles should be about the same as on the final product, which may (or may not) be greater than the secondary preform.  Focus on the middle zone while giving special attention to outer zone regularity. The resultant piece should be without such concavities, convexity, steps, or irregularities as would hinder successful execution in the next stage.
Stage 6- flaked implement: Create an implement of specific, symmetrical shape, cross-sections, width-thickness ratios, thickness, and contours with a particular flake removal sequence and flake scar appearance, as appropriate to the type or anticipated function.  The edge should be more or less straight but without final retouch and alignment, if needed. The focus should be upon the outer zone, with the flake scars penetrating into the middle zone as appropriate to the type or function. Fluting,  if applicable, is done at this time.

Add ca
Stage 7- Create a finished implement, with edges and hafting elements being retouched as appropriate to the type or anticipated function. Focus on the outer zone only so as to create a sharp, very straight and centered edge, not prepared in anticipation of another set of flake removals but for function. Execute basal hafting or finishing elements such as notching, shouldering stitching, ect. Lateral notching sequences if applicable, are applied at this time. Basal abrasion may also be done now, as appropriate."
ption









Thursday, March 5, 2020

THE CANFIELD MOUNTAIN BIGFOOT


 

 
In February 2020, a posting on social media showed a large dark image shaped like an immense humanoid. The man that filmed and posted the short video did not see the image, he was filming his dogs on the snowy trail. One of the dogs was clearly upset as he looked down at the image and whimpered. Both dogs were clearly upset.





BIGFOOT TRACK PRINT?



 I was the one that first saw the image posted on an Idaho social media site. I contacted the man and he stated he did not see the dark image, but he did say he heard sounds that day on Canfield mountain that would be like those recorded on television bigfoot research programs . I began making trips up the area, 11 miles from my home in Post Falls Idaho. This 24-acre open space park is located at 2305 E Mountain Vista Drive. Directions: From I-90 take 15th Street north, turn right on Shadduck Lane, left on Copper, and turn left on Mt. Vista Drive. The trailhead is about 350 feet up on the right, across from the cul-de-sac. The first trip was carried out on a very snowy day. A parked and started up the hill; the snow gate was still closed. I slipped and fell and ended the trip. The second trip a few days later, my dog Riley and I headed up the mountains East through the locked snow gate and north up a
 dirt bike of the road.





 There was plenty of water in the stream as a water source. There was still snow and mud for tracks. The tracks I noted were bear, deer, elk, moose, wolf, human, dog and two in the snow that are possible bigfoot.













 Along the trail on the top of the steep mountain was a bed nest structure of fresh broken off pine bough with impression where slumber occurred.
 
 
 




Two stones that resemble Stone-Age flintknapped implements were found in the area, one of local course grained basalt and on of quartz.

 
 

 


 Two bone tools crafted from deer leg bones were found, in archaeological terms, bone awls.
 


 The third trip, Riley and I ascended the mountain in front of the snow gate on the south side of the road. This is the trail I slipped on a few days earlier. The climb was extremely steep and very far to the summit. I would not have attempted the climb if I was aware of the extreme difficulty of the trail. On this trail two possible bigfoot prints were seen. Also it was noted that a possible resting depression at the base of a fallen tree that was half way up the steep incline. The trail was so steep that Riley and I decided to take a small game trail horizontally across the face of the mountain as to not assault the decline. We finely got down to the canyon floor and the  road. At this time it was noted that several other outdoorsmen were in the area, motorbikes, mountain bikes, hikers and one couple that was there volunteering to pick up trash from an illegal dumping. We exchanged verbal pleasantries and headed off, they to the east down the dirt road and we west toward the parking area. We got to the locked snow gate and went down to the stream to the north for Riley to take a drink. Several times Riley went into “point” as if wild game were about. Heading up toward the car I looked back down the road to the east and saw two bags of trash the couple had loaded up on the side of the road 50 yards from me, and beyond that I saw a large dark image walk smoothly and quickly from the stream brushy area across the dirt road, heading south. I saw the dark image, similar to that in the video. It was black, hairy, very fat and thick, hunched over. The fur was very regular, and perhaps 2 inches long or less. I did not see the face or the arms. I could not say it was a good enough glance to testify as a witness of a bigfoot. It was not an elk or moose, yet it could have been a large black bear walking on its back feet. The ground was hard and frozen and it crossed in an area where the clay-loam soil is mixed with pebbles, not conducive to the forming of clear prints.





 


 BIGFOOT STONE TOOL NOTES



 Oh yes. I'll never ever forget that. It was a sunshiny day, a beautiful Oct. 20 sunshiny day, 1967. It was just nice and warm. The moment I saw her I just said, "Oh my god, they really do exist." To see is to believe with me. ...   "Bob Gimlin       

Most people that have not spend a lot of time in the deep forests probably are more inclined not to believe in Bigfoot. I have interviewed lumbermen from Willow Creek, up into Canada and Alaska, trappers and hunters. I have, as expected, gotten the full gamut of responses on the topic of Bigfoot. I find no value in entertaining the opinions of armchair researchers or critics.  The eyewitness testimonials I have collected all feel quite believable and from credible sources. My own feeling on the subject is that it is a subspecies of human, nothing from the fail record. My opinion is just that. I feel this allusive hominid does makes and use tools, from stone, wood, glass and so on. I am convinced that Bigfoot stone artifacts in particular span thousands of years in the archaeological record. Most people  that I have asked about foot whom do not believe those whom  do not think outside the fake news box. Big foot is largely a Native American thing, bigots against native peoples laugh off anything Indians hold dear. These are usually democrats that are after the Indian vote and other than that like to keep them tucked away.
The truth is, is that Big Foot does make and use stone tools. Isolated artifacts are found through out the big foot habitats that have no correlation with native American archaeology sites.  These "Squatcha-facts " are sharp stones that are found a good distance from the stones' place of origin. Often ignored by modern big foot hunters and researchers, these are important clues, their material culture as it were. Other squatcha-facts are made of wood or discarded human refuse such as glass or metal.

I know that big foot has been "flintknapping" for thousands of years and their ancient artifacts still adorn the forest ground, except for those that were mistaken for human artifacts and stolen by artifact hunters. Many of these stone tools made by big foot are freshly made and used. Some in context with butcher sites and some in context with big foot prints, bedding areas and scat.  Often big foot make tree art, tree signs and markers, may times the individuals will use their brute strange to manipulate or modify these branches or tree, but just as often they with use stone axes and stone saws they have crafted from flint or flint like rocks. Often times these stone tools are left in the area, but uneducated big foot researchers walk right by them, here missing amazingly imp[important information.  Stone tools can provide a mirriod of information including fingerprint, DNA and Biological Trace Element Research provides a much-needed central forum for the emergent, interdisciplinary field of research on the biological, environmental, and biomedical roles of trace elements. Rather than confine itself to biochemistry, the journal emphasizes the integrative aspects of trace metal research in all appropriate fields, publishing human and animal nutritional studies devoted to the fundamental chemistry and biochemistry at issue as well as to the elucidation of the relevant aspects of preventive medicine, epidemiology, clinical chemistry, agriculture, endocrinology, animal science, pharmacology, microbiology, toxicology, virology, marine biology, sensory physiology, developmental biology, and related fields


According to Wikapedia North American folklore, Bigfoot or Sasquatch are said to be hairy, upright-walking, ape-like creatures that dwell in the wilderness and leave footprints. They are strongly associated with the Pacific Northwest (particularly Oregon, Washington and British Columbia), and individuals claim to see the creatures across North America. Over the years, these creatures have inspired numerous commercial ventures and hoaxes.[1] The plural nouns 'Bigfoots' and 'Bigfeet' are both acceptable.[2]
Folklorists trace the figure of Bigfoot to a combination of factors and sources, including folklore surrounding the European wild man figure, folk belief among Native Americans and loggers, and a cultural increase in environmental concerns.[3]
A majority of mainstream scientists have historically discounted the existence of Bigfoot, considering it to be a combination of folklore, misidentification, and hoax, rather than living animals.[4][5] A minority, such as anthropologists Grover Krantz and Jeffrey Meldrum, have expressed belief in the creatures' existence.

I was trained in lithics , I have a degree in Anthropology from CSUN. Ray Harwood has  always been a flintknapper, at least as far as he remembers anyway.  Ray's father dabbled with obsidian on occasion and when his brother Ted saw the Crabtree film in college and came home  with new enthusiasm, the race was on.  Ray began experimenting with additional methods as he was addicted.
Clay was active in southern California especially along the coast for some 40 years. Trained under Francois Bordes in France in Lithic technology. MA at UCLA, trained Ray Harwood in Archaeology and lithics..


CLAY SINGER, CALIFORNIA  ARCHAEOLOGIST


CLAY SINGER, CALIFORNIA  ARCHAEOLOGIST

     On a trip to northern California the family  procured  a small load of small obsidian  boulders.  Ray proceeded to reduce one core but somehow managed to cut off one of his toes . With no medical insurance in the family, Ray's dad sewed the toe back on, it survived but never moved after that.

    Ray made extra money selling modern arrowheads and doing minor artifact restoration and replication all through school, having classified adds in many magazines. He attended CSUN where he studied under Clay Singer in the Lithics lab at the Northridge Archaeological Research Center.

    In 1983  Ray wrote "How to Make Bottle Glass Arrowheads"  started the flintknapping newsletter; Flintknapping Digest.

    Later that year Ray founded the California Flintknapping Rendezvous and the following year started the Wrightwood Knap In with his long time friend, Dr. Alton Safford. The  Wrightwood Knap In Video was the first or  one of the first videos ever sold. 
    Since the early 1980s Ray has written  the self published book," The History Of Modern Flintknapping" and had dozens of articles published concerning lithics and/or flintknapping.  He also helped knapper Gary Pickett with starting the world's longest running monthly knap-in, "The Bakersfield Knap-in" , where he just returned from the 15 year celebration*.    He also has several knapper blog sites including a fairly popular one at:  http://flintknappingmagazine.blogspot.com/

   Now a member of the  PSK  Ray has just returned from a visit with Emory Coons in Burns Oregon and  the Kettle Falls, Columbia River Knap-in in Eastern Washington.  This knap-in hosted by   Patrick  Farneman ( guitar-singer, host of event, wilderness skills, PSK) patrickf@bridgestothepast.org  and Kyle Chambers ( Kettle Falls Museum - knapper, woodsman at practicalnaturist@gmail.com).  At the knap-in he met PSK webmaster Jim Keffer and he states he was truly inspired to rededicate himself to a higher level of flintknapping and to be an active PSK member.    Now in Post Falls, Idaho and has been working with Jim Keffer to possibly establish a knap-in the Spokane River area and is working on a new mail order knapping business.  He looks forward to meeting and working with  PSK members .

Ray at his first PSK Knap-in!
I emailed Dr . Jeff Meldrum quite a while ago on this, I have a theory that big foot, like primitive man, and some apes, make and use tools. At the time I emailed him, I had not gathered any thing in context with big foot tracks, except ground stone tools.
My theory is that some of the flint, chert, basalt, quartzite., quartz, ..flake-able stone artifacts that are found as isolates, in that they are not in context with Indian archaeological site, some are absent of age wear or patina. In short I have found flaking stone tools no where near the source of raw lithic material, so modern knappers would not have chipped them. Some stones in road beds chip from jeeps and what not, but I have found these chipped stones away from road and trails. Some of these isolate chipped stones have signs of age and some are freshly chipped or knapped. The ones I have seen where not elaborate stone tools, but quite functional in modified blade edge. You can Google my name, Ray Harwood, flintknapper and you will see I know lithics and anything flintknapping. I worked on the "Calico Early Man Site" my theory then, 1977, was that squatch may have procured flint there thousands of years ago, before it was the Mojave Desert, the flake scares only mildly resemble human work, which has a very specific anatomy. I have had rocks thrown at me in the woods like on the TV shows, I think that is one method to get a cobble to start the decordication flakes, or first flake to start the core or core tool. Furthermore, if you have been to a knap in or watched a knapper on youtube, when he or she works flint with a antler or hardwood billet, it sounds just like the "tree knock" on your TV show. I have a lot more if you are interested.
Hello, Ray.

Thanks for reaching out.  My concern about this hypothesis is that there are no reported sightings of sasquatches making tools.  There are precious few that have them carrying anything in their hands, even.  This is also my concern about the idea of them making tree structures and whatever else.  Until there are a couple reliable one-to-one connections between sasquatches and these activities, all we can say about them for now is that it is an interesting hypothesis.  Even good footprints would make this connection, I would think...

I think it's great that you're going down this road of inquiry.  Seems like you're qualified for it as well.  Good luck, and if I can be of any help, just let me know!

Best,
Cliff
Thanks for writing Cliff, I have found several 1970-  films that have eye witness interviews with the following:

1. Vancouver Island Sasquatch on the beech  smashing open shellfish with a hammer stone.

2.  Several mentions from witnesses that Sasquatch was "clanking rock together" not eye witness but ear witness.  And about a dozen  references to rock throwing.
3. One video of a butcher site with tracks and stone tools in context modified lithic flake, very hard material. see the chart I made attached.


I know I can not say they are tool makers or even users of tools but, when researchers see the tracks, beds, skat, and especially a passable butchering site, it would be one more study item to come into play, more more passable piece of evidence.

Thanks Cliff
www.CliffBarackman.com
Meldrum received his B.S. in zoology specializing in vertebrate locomotion at Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1982, his M.S. at BYU in 1984 and a Ph.D. in anatomical sciences, with an emphasis in biological anthropology, from Stony Brook University in 1989 (then referred to as State University of New York at Stony Brook). He held the position of postdoctoral visiting assistant professor at Duke University Medical Center from 1989 to 1991. Meldrum worked at Northwestern University's Department of Cell, Molecular and Structural Biology for a short while in 1993 before joining the faculty of Idaho State University where he currently teaches.

Meldrum has published numerous academic papers ranging from vertebrate evolutionary morphology, the emergence of bipedal locomotion in modern humans and Sasquatch (Bigfoot) and is a co-editor of a series of books on paleontology. Meldrum also coedited From Biped to Strider: The Emergence of Modern Human Walking with Charles E. Hilton. He edited the textbook From Biped to Strider (Springer, 2004)

Meldrum has attracted media attention due to his interest in Bigfoot.[1][2][3][4] Skeptic Brian Dunning writes that "The work of responsible scientists like Dr. Meldrum is exactly what true skeptics should be asking the Bigfoot community for, not criticizing him for it."[5]

Meldrum was present at a 2011 conference in Siberia to discuss the Russian wildman.[clarification needed] He acknowledged that the results of the Russian field trip to the cave site were most likely fraudulent. He suggested that the supposed evidence found was simply an attempt by local government officials to drum up publicity.[6]
Dr. Jeff , I think I frustrated you when I wrote you regarding sasquatch and stone toll use. I have heard you on at least two occasions stating the species is not a tools user. I don’t doubt your statements or even question them. I think it need to be clear a  tools user is, or how it is defined. If an individual picks up an un modified rock and uses it as a projectile or hammer stone is that a form of tool use? Does the individual  have to create a functional edge  or modify the stone for grip?



And in the realm I am looking into, if there are isolated modified or used  lithic material , either old or freshly made, away from the source area of  quarry, I simply think it is worth looking into.  I have not yet personally found knapped artifacts in context with Sasquatch tracks, beds or scat. I did find all three with

Battered hammer stones, and yes… mortar and pestles. I know that the jaw of the animal is more than antiquate for this function. But there are various scenarios that even humans use a crutch. I did not mean to insinuate that the Sasquatches made, or even modified, the grind stone items, I do think in this, perhaps a rare or  isolated instance, they or he/she was perhaps  an opportunist.  The reason I speculated so much as the scat, prints and grass beds, none were human, except mine, and the tools had been used recently. 



I have read articles where deer carcass were found with “stone cutting tools” but thus far the lithic material is to poor for even a powerhouse, it would have to be able to achieve a sharp cutting edge.  Fine lithic material like cherts, glass and obsidian, I feel the animal, if a knapper, would shy away from  as the flake scatter is very identifiable, and these animals are track aware. Also, high lithics cut an individual often, easily  and deeply.  Based on the strength of the primate, tougher lithics, that no one looks at are used. More common, less cuts, blends into the environment. Anyway, I have much more to tell you, and consider there may be more than one subspecies.  Please see chart enclosed:

Dr. Jeff , I think I frustrated you when I wrote you regarding Sasquatch and stone toll use. I have heard you on at least two occasions stating the species is not a tools user. I don’t doubt your statements or even question them. I think it need to be clear a  tools user is, or how it is defined. If an individual picks up an un modified rock and uses it as a projectile or hammer stone is that a form of tool use? Does the individual  have to create afunctional edge  or modify the stone for grip?

And in the realm I am looking into, if there are isolated modified or used  lithic material , either old or freshly made, away from the source area of  quarry, I simply think it is worth looking into.  I have not yet personally found knapped artifacts in context with Sasquatch tracks, beds or scat. I did find all three with
Battered hammer stones, and yes… mortar and pestles. I know that the jaw of the animal is more than antiquate for this function. But there are various scenarios that even humans use a crutch. I did not mean to insinuate that the Sasquatches made, or even modified, the grind stone items, I do think in this, perhaps a rare or  isolated instance, they or he/she was perhaps  an opportunist.  The reason I speculated so much as the scat, prints and grass beds, none were human, except mine, and the tools had been used recently. 

I have read articles where deer carcass were found with “stone cutting tools” but thus far the lithic material is to poor for even a powerhouse, it would have to be able to achieve a sharp cutting edge.  Fine lithic material like cherts, glass and obsidian, I feel the animal, if a knapper, would shy away from  as the flake scatter is very identifiable, and these animals are track aware. Also, high lithics cut an individual often, easily  and deeply.  Based on the strength of the primate, tougher lithics, that no one looks at are used. More common, less cuts, blends into the environment. Anyway, I have much more to tell you, and consider there may be more than one subspecies.  Please see chart enclosed:
Ray Harwood figflint@yahoo.com



The lithic grade scale was invented by Callahan for several reasons, mostly, I feel, to create a desirable point of reference for lithic quality and workability. The chart is based on a numerical system which starts with opal, the easiest to chip, and ends with felsite, the most difficult. Nearly every lithic analyst, flintknapper and archaeologist uses this as a standard reference in reports, papers, and articles. These new techniques for the study of stone tools, are now a standard and experimental archaeology. The concepts, "the lithic grade scale, and biface staging, are widely used in flintknapping circles to the point the most new knappers didn't even know these concepts were fairly new and again discovered  largely by Callahan.


VIDEO SENT TO CLIFF
https://youtu.be/p3ExvAs2Tyk

Well, at least that's something.  Nothing that positively correlates it to a Bigfoot, but it does raise the possibility in a reasonable way.  Thanks for sharing that with me.  It gives me something to think about.

Best,
Cliff





I IDENTIFIED THIS SITE, STONE TOOLS FOUND IN CONTEXT WITH 9 MONTH OLD BUTCHER SITE, ELK CARCASS INTACT, this on Fernan Saddle at the south east end of this area.


  •   MISSING PERSONS: WERE SOME TAKEN BY SQUATCH?

  • Of the 15,207 people currently missing in the US, approximately 60% are male and 40% are female.
  • The average age of people when they go missing is around 34.
  • As of January 2019, there are 106 children currently missing who were younger than a year old when they went missing.
    I began looking into the science of Sasquatch. I was fairly convinced this was not the type of missing persons case where the party in question simply wanted to go awall from the Army or disappear from his responsibilities. The disappearance did happen in the dark of night in a very wild part of the world however. North Idaho has some very dangerous creatures that have an existence that no one disputes Back in 2008, Steve Nadeau, IDFG's Large Carnivore Manager, made a presentation on the status of Idaho's mountain lions at the Ninth Mountain Lion Workshop (a conference for state game managers). At that time he postulated that "given an estimated harvest rate statewide of approximately 15-20% (estimated to stabilize the population), we would back calculate and estimate a state population of about 2,000-3,000 lions." Idaho's moose are now estimated at 10,000 to 12,000, moose have been known to kill on numerous occasions . Wolves about 1,800 in the northern Rocky Mountain region (which includes Idaho). About 35 - 40 grizzly bears live in the Selkirk Mountains of Idaho. Another 30 - 40 occupy the Cabinet-Yaak Ecosystem of Idaho and Montana. For everyone's safety, it's important to keep food and garbage stored where grizzly bears can't get to them. Once a bear learns to eat human food, he will remember it and cause problems for other people the rest of his life. The Forest Service manages the national forests to provide areas of secure habitat with relatively low levels of motorized vehicle traffic; that is why some roads are closed in grizzly bear country. with Black Bears Between 20,000 and 30,000 black bears roam Idaho's wild lands. These bears share space with a human population that is expected to grow by more than 15 percent during the next 10 years. This data was  gathered from various government databases, the most shocking to me was BFRO’s Follow-up Log and Tracking System, which is billed as the world’s ultimate sasquatch database of compiled sightings and testimonies. They analyzed 23,000 sightings reported from across the county. Nearby Washington topped the list with 2,032 reported sightings .

    The chart below shows the number and rate of missing persons by state in America.
    State Total Missing Missing per 100,000
    Alaska 309 41.8
    Arizona 915 13.0
    Oregon 432 10.4
    Vermont 54 8.7
    Washington 643 8.7
    Maine 108 8.1
    Wyoming 45 7.8
    Hawaii 107 7.5
    Montana 71 6.8
    New Mexico 143 6.8
    Arkansas 200 6.7
    West Virginia 120 6.6
    Nevada 192 6.4
    Oklahoma 252 6.4
    Delaware 58 6.0
    Florida 1,252 6.0
    Idaho 101 5.9
    Louisiana 266 5.7
    Kentucky 248 5.6
    Michigan 556 5.6
    Connecticut 197 5.5
    California 2,133 5.4
    Tennessee 361 5.4
    Colorado 292 5.2
    Missouri 316 5.2
    D. C. 35 5.0
    Texas 1,246 4.4
    Alabama 204 4.2
    North Dakota 31 4.1
    Mississippi 115 3.9
    South Carolina 184 3.7
    Utah 107 3.4
    New Jersey 299 3.3
    Minnesota 179 3.2
    Nebraska 61 3.2
    North Carolina 327 3.2
    New York 606 3.1
    Ohio 358 3.1
    Pennsylvania 401 3.1
    Maryland 183 3.0
    Kansas 81 2.8
    Virginia 239 2.8
    Iowa 86 2.7
    Indiana 174 2.6
    New Hampshire 35 2.6
    South Dakota 23 2.6
    Wisconsin 149 2.6
    Illinois 317 2.5
    Georgia 250 2.4
    Rhode Island 20 1.9
    Massachusetts 126 1.8
     
    Exhibit "A" more on the hair of the squatch that bit you!
    Radioimmunoassay was pioneered by Dr. Jerold Lowenstein , M.D. at the University of California, San Francisco. Human, gorilla, and chimpanzee are so close they can not be distinguished from one another, and sausquatch hair a similar outcome, Inconclusive on the 1988 Bob Titmus specimens (Meldrum 2006 Harwood 2019)..

    According to Dr.Jeff Meldrum Hair samples provided by Fahrenbach examined by Dr. Paul Fuerst , at Ohio State University failed to amplify mitochondrial DNA, the obstacles lack of cellular medulla and small diamater of hair shaft and follicles.

    Exhibit "A" HAIR.

    Hair samples and anatomy, microscopic inspection as a species indicator: "Twenty minutes after eyewitness sightings, light red, brown, from two individuals, twisted off, as opposed to cut. Eight inches long. Other samples have complete absence of a medulla. Never cut, twist offs.



    Hair samples and radioimmunoassay as a species indicator: This employs the body's ability to generate antibodies to foreign antigens. Thus far inconclusive, however have traits of human but-uncut. (Meldrum 2006)



    Hair samples and DNA as a species indicator: Because of the small diameter and lack of a cellular medulla and poor storage conditions of the samples, inconclusive.


    Micro trace studies (element residue) and chemical analysis of hair as a species indicator.These tests show no chemicals or substances in the hair related to shampoo or hair die.


    https://www.amazon.com/dp/B085KBSSCY?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860 BIGFOOT BOOK FOR SALE



    FAMOUS BIG FOOT RESEARCHERS:

    Roger Patterson (February 14, 1933 – January 15, 1972) Cowboy made the famous Patterson–Gimlin film (also known as the Patterson film or the PGF) is an American  film of an unidentified subject which the filmmakers have said was a Bigfoot now named Patty (after Patterson). The footage was shot in 1967 in Bluff Creek in Northern California, and has since been subjected to many attempts to authenticate or debunk it.


    John Russell Napier, MRCS, LRCP, D.Sc. (1917 – 29 August 1987) was a British primatologist, paleoanthropologist, and physician, who is notable for his work with Homo habilis and OH 7,[3] as well as on human and primate hands/feet. During his life he was widely considered a leading authority on primate taxonomy,[1][4] but is perhaps most famous to the general public for his research on Bigfoot.


    Don Jeffrey "Jeff" Meldrum (born May 24, 1958) is a Professor of Anatomy and Anthropology and a Professor of the Department of Anthropology at Idaho State University. Meldrum is also Adjunct Professor of Occupational and Physical Therapy. Meldrum is an expert on foot morphology and locomotion in primates. He  wrote Jeff Meldrum (2007). Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science. Forge Books. ISBN 978-0765312174. And movie. Dozens  of TV spots:  see more at:
    https://www.isu.edu/media/libraries/college-of-science-and-engineering/biology/documents/cvs/Meldrum_CV.pdf

    Grover Sanders Krantz (November 5, 1931 – February 14, 2002) was an American anthropologist and cryptozoologist; he was one of few scientists not only to research Bigfoot, but also to express his belief in the animal's existence. Throughout his professional career, Krantz authored more than 60 academic articles and 10 books on human evolution,[1][2] and conducted field research in Europe, China, and Java.[3][4]
    Robert "'Bob" Gimlin (born October 18, 1931) cowboy that made the famous Patterson–Gimlin film (also known as the Patterson film or the PGF) is an American  film of an unidentified subject which the filmmakers have said was a Bigfoot now named Patty (after Patterson). The footage was shot in 1967 in Bluff Creek in Northern California, and has since been subjected to many attempts to authenticate or debunk it.


    Paul Freeman (August 10, 1943 – April 2, 2003) was an American Bigfoot hunter who claimed to have discovered Bigfoot tracks showing dermal ridges. The plaster casts Freeman subsequently made were convincing enough to be considered critical pieces of evidence by anthropologists Jeff Meldrum of Idaho State University and Grover Krantz of Washington State University, who put considerable time and resources into studying them. Others, like RenĂ© Dahinden and Bob Titmus thought Freeman was simply a hoaxer
    seeking attention. Paul filmed some fat bigfoot animals.

    Cliff Barackman: Born and raised in Long Beach, California, Barackman currently resides in Portland, Oregon. Cast member on Animal Planet’s Finding Bigfoot television series. “Monsterquest.” The episode, entitled “Legend of the Hairy Beast,” The evidence analyst of the group has been a dedicated sasquatch field researcher for the past two decades who has been known to spend over 200 days a year in the field. He is also an accomplished jazz guitarist holding a Bachelor of Arts degree from California State University, Long Beach. Operates  North American Bigfoot Center31297 SE, US-26, Boring, OR 97009



    BOBO FAY born and raised in Manhattan Beach, California,  and has been interested in bigfoot since the 1980s. Humboldt State University in Arcata, CA. “Monsterquest.” The episode, entitled “Legend of the Hairy Beast,” Member of the T.V. program Finding Bigfoot,. The tallest and burliest member of the team, he is the one most often used to stand in for bigfoot in reconstructions.  He is an expert howler. Bobo makes a living as a commercial fisherman out of Eureka, CA


    Bob Titmus who passed away in 1997. Titmus was one of the first investigators into the bigfoot phenomenon, and was in fact partially responsible for the very first known bigfoot footprint cast made by Jerry Crew in October, 1958. Owner of a taxidermy shop in nearby Redding,


    Michael Rugg, operates his Bigfoot Discovery Museum. Michael has been avidly amassing Bigfoot-related items since he was a kid in the 1950s and '60s. 1968 graduate of Stanford University. Bigfoot Discovery Museum: Address: Operates :Willow Creek-China Flat Museum38949 Hwy 299, Willow Creek, CA 530-629-2653



    John Albert Bindernagel (December 22, 1941 – January 17, 2018) was a wildlife biologist who sought evidence for Bigfoot since 1963.[1][2] He published a book in 1998 entitled North America's Great Ape: the Sasquatch (ISBN 0-9682887-0-7).[3] His second book, The Discovery of the Sasquatch – Reconciling Culture, History, and Science in the Discovery Process, was published in 2010. Bindernagel grew up in Ontario, attended the University of Guelph,[5] and received a PhD in Biology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  curator with the BFRO.

    John Willison Green (February 12, 1927 – May 28, 2016) was a Canadian journalist and a leading researcher of the Bigfoot phenomenon.[1] He was a graduate of both the University of British Columbia and Columbia University and compiled a database of more than 3000 sighting and track reports.

    Jerry Crew construction worker, with the plaster-of-Paris and the instructions for using it that enabled Crew to make his famous cast of one of the 16-inch prints being found he newly built dirt road above Bluff Creek, in the northwest corner of the state.Jerry Crew took his cast to the local newspaper, and editor Andrew Genzoli (below, left) published his now-famous illustrated story in the Humboldt Times on October 5, 1958. As Mark A. Hall observed: “The publication of that picture of him holding an enormous foot-shaped plaster cast was a turning point in the pursuit of wildmen in North America.

    Albert “Al” E. Hodgson, the grand elder statesman and well-known historian of Willow Creek, California’s Bigfoot community, died Easter morning, April 1, 2018. Hodgson was 94 years old. Interviewed for the television series Ancient Mysteries (1994), hosted by Leonard Nimoy. Bigfoot historian Willow Creek – China Flats Museum in northern California. In October of 1963, Al Hodgson found another set of tracks at a location called the “Bluff Creek Sandbar.” At the time this sandbar was a short distance from the confluence of Bluff and Notice Creeks, but would later be washed away in the terrible flood of December 1964.

    Matt Moneymaker was born in 1965 in Hollywood he was raised in the Hollywood Hills' . The son of Richard "Rich" Moneymaker. Finding Bigfoot founder of- B.F.R.O. ... 2011-2016 founder of :Fin ding Bigfoot (TV Series documentary)

    Todd Standing is a director, known for Discovering Bigfoot (2017). Todd Standing, a lumber mill worker and self-described sasquatch tracker from Golden, British Columbia, asked the court not to dismiss his lawsuit against the provincial government. Mr. Standing claims to possess, as he repeatedly told me, “irrefutable evidence that they are real.” Originally from Edmonton and studied at the University of Alberta. Founder of Sylvanic is a growing group of independent researches working towards definitive proof and protection of the species commonly referred to as Bigfoot. Nite Callers Radio is Todd Standing See the Sylvanic site at: http://www.sylvanic.com/ Amazing photos, like all squatch photos are controversial.


    Robert "'Bob" Gimlin (born October 18, 1931) cowboy that made the famous Patterson–Gimlin film (also known as the Patterson film or the PGF) is an American film of an unidentified subject which the filmmakers have said was a Bigfoot now named Patty (after Patterson). The footage was shot in 1967 in Bluff Creek in Northern California, and has since been subjected to many attempts to authenticate or debunk it.


    References



    1. Jeff Meldrum (2007). Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science. Forge Books

    2. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia




    6. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/17/world/canada/sasquatch-canada-letter.h